Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/
Global-change data and information analysis for the US Department of Energy (DOE). Compiles and maintains extensive international data sets on atmospheric chemistry, particularly atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane & other radiatively active gases.
EOS-WEBSTER http://eos-webster.sr.unh.edu/
Digital library of free, customized earth science data from The University of New Hampshire. Data can be FTPd or mailed on a customized CD.
EROS Data Center http://edc.usgs.gov/
EROS Data Center is home to the U.S. National Satellite Land Remote Sensing Data Archive. Also the distributed active archive center, or DAAC, for land processes on behalf of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth.
High-resolution Shoreline Database http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/shorelines/gshhs.html
Information on digital coastline and shorelines data available from various sources. Provided by the NOAA National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Marine Geology and Geophysics Division and collocated World Data Center A for Marine Geology and Geophysics.
NSSDC OMNIWeb http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/omniweb/ow.html
Data retrieval and analysis interface to NSSDC's OMNI data which consist of 1-hour-resolution "near-Earth" solar wind magnetic field and plasma data, energetic proton fluxes (1-60 MeV), and geomagnetic and solar activity indices. It allows you to select a subset from the available OMNI data to view or retrieve.
Unidata Internet Data Distribution (IDD) http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/projects/idd/index.html
Community of over 130 universities building a system for disseminating near real-time earth observations via the Internet. The Unidata IDD is designed so a university can request that certain data sets be delivered to computers at their site as soon as they are available from the observing system.